Macbook Pro and Time Machine restoration problem?

My main issue is that when I boot the computer, it just shows a gray background with the text "You need to restart your computer. Hold down the Power button until it turns off, then press the Power button again." When I do this, I see this screen again. Below is how I got to this point.

I've partitioned my Macbook Pro to have 5 partitions, with the first one being for OS X. In order to make those partitions, I had to reformat the drive because Disk Utility couldn't shrink the one with OS X on it, even though there would have been 5 gigs of free space still on that partition.

I backed up the main partition to an external hard drive using Time Machine before wiping everything and putting down the partitions

Now I've restored the 22GBs of backed up data to the new 27GB partition by booting from the disk and using Utilities > Restore System From Backup, but now whenever I boot from the hard disk, it just shows a gray background with the text "You need to restart your computer. Hold down the Power button until it turns off, then press the Power button again." When I do this, I see this screen again.

The backed-up system did not have more than one partition, so I'm wondering if that's the issue. Is there any way that I can modify the Time Machine backup data to make this work?

Previously, I thought the issue was the filesystem, but I've tried using Disk Utility from the boot disk and formatting the partition with two of the OS X options (both journaled, the case sensitive and case insensitive ones) but I'm not going to bother trying the other two because it would take too long and I don't expect they'd work. I also don't know if when Time Machine restores the backup, it formats the drive with previous filesystem anyway.

Any suggestions?
This issue did start after the restore. I believe the 22GB backup has the system, I let TM do a full backup. There ought to be ~5GBs free on the partition after the restoration though.

I cannot get a normal boot, but using Cmd+S worked somewhat (can't do anything with it). The last line I get is "System uptime in nanoseconds: 978241576" but it's not like a terminal where I can do anything. I think it's safe to assume the backup hast the system on it since the partition was wiped clean before the back up was restored.

I also see "Mac OS Version: Not yet set" and a line that says "panic(cpu 1 caller 0x475588): "Process 1 exec of /sbin/launchd failed, errno 8\n"@SourceCache/xnu/xnu-1456.1.25/bsd/kern/kern_exec.c:3146" followed by "Debugger called: <panic>"

I guess you were right about the kernel panic. As for reinstalling, does that mean I need to reinstall from the disk and manually restore the backup? That's not the end of the world but it's absolutely a solution, though not ideal.
If of the Cmd+S thing is needed, I can type out more, but it's such a hassle (and I had that 1k character limit) that I'm waiting to see if you say that the thing is just totally corrupted and there's no hope, and a manual restore of the backup is necessary.
*more of
(correction of previous details addition)

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